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Title	Human Head and Neck Kinematics during Autonomous and Human Braking in Three Initial Head Positions
Authors	Mackenzie JRR, Dutschke JK, Di Loreto C, Forrest MC, Van Den Berg AL, Merienne F, Chardonnet JR, Sandoz B
Year	2022
Type	Journal Article
Abstract	Whiplash injuries resulting from vehicle collisions are still a significant socio-economic issue across the world. Years of research has resulted in the development of injury criteria, restraint systems and a deeper understanding of the injury mechanism. However, some grey areas remain and, in the context of the increasing automation of vehicles, one can wonder how the injury mechanisms may change due to changes in collision forces or directions. This paper presents an experiment with ten volunteers subjected to two braking modes, including automated braking preceded by an alarm warning or robot human braking, in three different initial head positions: forward facing, lateral rotation and flexion rotation. The volunteers were equipped with inertial measurement units to record their head and neck dynamics. Results show that the initial position of volunteers implies differences in the volunteer head dynamics. Also, the auditory alarm emitted prior to the emergency braking may have helped the volunteers to mitigate the mechanical stimulus and most likely the injury risk.
Publisher	SAE
ISSN	2327-5626
Journal Title	SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety
Journal Volume (Issue)	10(2)
Page Range	doi:10.4271/09-10-02-0007
Notes	https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/09-10-02-0007/

Reference

Mackenzie JRR, Dutschke JK, Di Loreto C, Forrest MC, Van Den Berg AL, Merienne F, Chardonnet JR, Sandoz B (2022). Human Head and Neck Kinematics during Autonomous and Human Braking in Three Initial Head Positions. SAE International Journal of Transportation Safety, 10(2), doi:10.4271/09-10-02-0007.